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道教常识问答

 

时间:2017-12-13
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来源:黄信阳

31、问:何谓三界十方?

答:三界者有三:一以时间而言,分为无极界、太极界、与现世界;一以空间而言,分为天界、地界、与水界;一以道境而言,分为欲界、色界、与无色界。皆称为“三界”也。十方者,乃为东方、南方、西方、北方、东北方、东南方、西南方、西北方、上方、下方,为十方天也。

32、问:何谓四恩三有?

答:道教以报恩为重,故以四恩应报。四恩者:一天地恩,二君主恩,三父母恩,四师长恩。凡此四者,皆宜回向以报之。三有者:一有情者,二有识者,三有缘者。凡此三者,道皆应亲之。所以“四恩三有”为信道者,须念念不忘之也。

33、问:何谓三皈五戒?

答:三皈者:皈依道,皈依经,皈依师,为皈依三宝也;五戒者:一戒杀生,二戒偷盗,三戒邪淫,四戒妄语,五不酒肉。此三皈五戒为学道者入道之初,首要遵守之规律也。

34、问:何谓三业与六根及六尘?

答:三业者:身业、口业、意业,谓身口意三者所起作用之业也。六根者:眼根、耳根、鼻根、舌根、心根、意根,谓此六官能生六识之根,故谓六根。六尘者:色、声、香、味、触、法,谓此六境,能由六根而染尘污,故谓六尘也。

35、问:何谓三障与十恶?

答:三障者:魔障、业障、灾障也。一、因贪嗔痴等之惑,而生魔障。二、因五逆十恶之业,而成业障。三、因三灾八难之遭,而见灾障。十恶者:口有四恶:绮语,妄言,恶口,两舌。心有三恶:贪,嗔,痴。身有三恶:杀,盗,淫。合为十恶也。

36、问:何谓三涂五苦?

答:三涂者:一、火涂,地狱道猛火所烧之处。二、血涂,畜生道互相澉食之处。三、刀涂,饿鬼道被刀剑逼迫之处。又以:一者考对前非之涂,二者畜生偿酬往业之涂,三者饿鬼苦对最深,渴饮火精,饥则食炭之涂,号曰三涂。五苦者:一、刀山地狱之苦,二、剑树地狱之苦,三、铜柱地狱之苦,四、护汤地狱之苦,五、溟泠地狱之苦,是为五苦。

37、问:何谓三灾八难?

答:三灾者:遭受三大天灾也。一、风灾,二、火灾,三、水灾。八难者:一者得生人道难,二者去女为男难,三者形体完全难,四者得生中土难,五者值有道君难,六者禀性慈仁难,七者值国太平难,八者与三宝相遇难,谓之八难。《云笈七签》卷三十五“杂修摄”的八难为不废道心一难,不就明师二难,不托闲居三难,不舍世务四难,不割恩爱五难,不弄利欲六难,不除喜怒七难,不断色欲八难。

38、问:道教的五行与相生相克关系?

答:金、木、水、火、土,为五行。相生是:金生水,水生木,木生火,火生土,土

生金。相克是:金克木,木克土,土克水,水克火,火克金。

道教还把人体的五脏,也以“五行”来解释:肾为水,心为火,肝为木,肺为金,脾为土。所谓“相生”是:肾气生肝气,肝气生心气,心气生脾气,脾气生肺气,肺气生肾气;所谓“相克”是:肾气克心气,心气克肺气,肺气克肝气,肝气克脾气,脾气克肾气。

“五行”与“五方”也有关系:木主东方,火主南方,金主西方,水主北方,土主中央。

39、问:八卦的称呼和代表的涵义是什么?

答:八卦为:乾、坤、坎、离、震、巽、艮、兑。

乾卦代表天,坤卦代表地,坎卦代表水,离卦代表火,震卦代表雷,巽卦代表风,艮卦代表山,兑卦代表泽。相传“八卦”是伏羲氏所创。后道教经籍吸收阴阳八卦思想以衍经义,特别用以指导修炼内外丹。

40、问:仙有五等是哪五仙?

答:天仙、神仙、地仙、人仙、鬼仙也。

 31. What is "San-Jie, Shi-Fang"?

 "San-Jie" literally means “Three Worlds”. From the prospective of time the Three Worlds are the World of Wu-Ji, the World of Tai-Ji, and the World of Current. From the prospective of space the three worlds are the World of Heaven, the World of Earth, and the World of Water. From the prospective of levels of progress they are the World of Desire, the World of Forms, the World of Beyond Forms..

 "Shi-Fang" refers to ten directions in space; they are the commonly known eight directions plus up and down directions.

 32. What is "Si-En, San-You"?

 The meaning of "Si-En" is ‘four-graciousness”. They are, the graciousness given by Heaven and Earth, the graciousness given by the Emperor, the graciousness given by one's parents, and the graciousness given by one's masters of knowledge. These are the graciousness one must remember and try to repay.

 "San-You', are the three haves. They are the ones who have compassion, the ones who have wisdom and the ones who have special connections (to us). These are the ones we need to be close with.

 33. What is "San-Gui, Wu-Jie"?

 "San-Gui" means the three conversions: conversion to the Dao, conversion to Taoist Canons and conversion to Taoist masters. It is also called conversion to the "three treasures".

 "Wu-Jie" are the "Five don'ts". They are: do not kill, do not steal, do not perform sex, do not speak lies and unfounded words, do not drink alcohol, eat animal parts and other unclean food.  

 These are the rules must be accepted and followed when becoming a Taoist.

 34. What are "San-Ye", "Liu-Gen" and "Liu-Chen"?

 "San-Ye" means three sins. They are the sins committed by the body, the sins committed by the mouth, and the sins committed by the mind.

 "Liu-Gen" are the six perceptual organs. They are the eyes, the ears, the nose, the tong, the heart and the mind.

 "Liu-chen" are the six kinds of matters perceived. They are the seen, the heard, the smelled, the tasted, the felt and the methods of spiritual progress.

 "Liu-chen" can pollute "Liu-Gen" and lead one to wrong path of cultivation.

 35. What are "San-Zhang" and "Shi-E"?

 "San-Zhang" are the "Three Barriers" prevent one from attaining higher Taoist achievement. They are the barrier by Evils, The barrier by one's Sin, and the barrier by disasters. The barrier by Evils originates from one's lusts and desires. The barrier by sins arises from one's bad deeds. The barriers of disaster are mishaps of the nature.

 "Shi-E" are the "ten wicked". They are (omitted here)

  36. What are "San-Tu" and "Wu-Ku"?

 "San-Tu" in Daoism means three special places. These are the most horrify places in the all universes. They are the place in hell where the blaze of death burns, the place in hell where the animals cannibalize each others, and the place in hell where hungry ghosts facing the swords and slaughtering.

 "Wu-Ku" means five types of misery. They are the misery of falling into hell blades, the misery of falling into hell sword trees, the misery of falling into hell burning copper pillars, the misery of falling into hell boiling liquid, the misery of falling into hell of oceans filled with man eating beasts.

 37. What are "San-Zai" and "Ba-Nan"?

 "San-Zai" means "three disasters" which are the wind disaster, the fire disaster and the water disaster.

 "Ba-Nan" means "eight difficulties". They are, (1) To be born a human instead of others; (2) To be born a man instead of a woman; (3) To be born healthy and all parts complete; (4) To be born in China; (5) To be born when a wise Emperor is ruling; (6) To be born with a heart of kindness and generosity; (7) To be born at a time of peace; (8) To be able to come across the "Three Treasures".

 In book "Yun Ji Qi Qian", there is another explanation of the "Ba-Nan" : (1) Will not changes one's mind on search the Dao; (2) Able to study from the real masters of Dao; (3) Will not stay comfy and lazy; (4) Staying away from secular affairs; (5) Staying away from secular love and sentiment; (6) Staying away from greed and desires; (7) Staying away from joy and anger; (8) Staying away from sex and erotica.

 38. What are the "Wu-Xing" and their relationships?

 "Wu-Xing" are the basic "five elements" of the universes, and the interaction between the five elements creates and moves this world forward. The "five elements" are Metal, Wood, Earth, Fire and Water. There are two basic types of relationships among these elements, to create and demolish.

 Water creates Wood, Wood creates Fire, Fire creates Earth, Earth creates Metal, and Metal creates Water. Water demolishes Fires, Fire demolishes Metal, Metal demolishes Wood, Wood demolishes Earth, Earth demolishes Water.

 In Daoism, these elements and their relationships are assigned many meanings. For instance, they have been used to monitor human organs and their functions.

 39. What are "Ba-Gua"?

 "Ba-Gua" are the eight "Hexagrams". They are "Qian", "Kan", "Gen", "Zhen", "Xun", "Li", "Kun", "Dui". "Qian" represents the sky or Heaven, "Kun" represents the earth or land, "Gen" represents the mountain, "Zhen" represents the thunder, "Xun" represents the wind, "Li" represents the fire, "Kan" represents the water, "Dui" represents the lake or marshland.

 These concepts were invented by an ancient Emperor called "Fu-Xi". They are the building blocks of Daoism philosophy. 

 40. What are the five kinds of immortals?

 They are Heavenly Immortals, Celestial Immortals, Earthly Immortals, Humanly Immortals and Ghostly Immortals.


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